Machine Learning for Energy Management in Buildings: A Systematic Review on Real-World Applications

Abstract

Machine learning (ML) is becoming a key enabler in building energy management systems (BEMS), yet most existing reviews focus on simulations and fail to reflect the realities of real-world deployment. In response to this limitation, the present work aims to present a systematic review dedicated entirely to experimental, field-tested applications of ML in BEMS, covering systems such as Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning (HVAC), Renewable Energy Systems (RES), Energy Storage Systems (ESS), Ground Heat Pumps (GHP), Domestic Hot Water (DHW), Electric Vehicle Charging (EVCS), and Lighting Systems (LS). A total of 73 real-world deployments are analyzed, featuring techniques like Model Predictive Control (MPC), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Reinforcement Learning (RL), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), metaheuristics, and hybrid approaches. In order to cover both methodological and practical aspects, and properly identify trends and potential challenges in the field, current review uses a unified framework: On the methodological side, it examines key-attributes such as algorithm design, agent architectures, data requirements, baselines, and performance metrics. From a practical standpoint, the study focuses on building typologies, deployment architectures, zones scalability, climate, location, and experimental duration. In this context, the current effort offers a holistic overview of the scientific landscape, outlining key trends and challenges in real-world machine learning applications for BEMS research. By focusing exclusively on real-world implementations, this study offers an evidence-based understanding of the strengths, limitations, and future potential of ML in building energy control-providing actionable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working toward smarter, grid-responsive buildings. Findings reveal a maturing field with clear trends: MPC remains the most deployment-ready, ANNs provide efficient forecasting capabilities, RL is gaining traction through safer offline-online learning strategies, FLC offers simplicity and interpretability, and hybrid methods show strong performance in multi-energy setups.