Integrating Sufi Ethics into Higher Education in South Asia: A Curriculum Analysis

Abstract

This research critically examines the Islamic Studies curricula at universities in the Indian Subcontinent, with a particular focus on India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, concentrating on Islamic spirituality and ethics. The study identifies a significant gap in the representation of Islamic subjects in higher education, despite the large Muslim population of approximately 600 million in the Indian subcontinent. Political and secular influences have contributed to the underdevelopment of Islamic Studies programs, particularly in comparison to regions such as the Middle East, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Turkey, where Islamic Studies faculties are more prevalent. Islamic Studies are typically part of broader academic disciplines in the subcontinent, with an evident shift from traditional, classical syllabi to more secular, modern courses. As a result, key areas such as Islamic ethics, spirituality, and the purification of the soul (Tazkiyat-un-Nafs) are underrepresented in university curricula. Madrassas, however, continue to emphasise these areas, highlighting a disparity between formal university education and religious institutions. The methodology of this study involved a qualitative analysis of the existing Islamic Studies syllabi from universities across the region. A comprehensive content analysis was conducted to identify key themes, gaps, and curricular shifts. This research addresses the lack of academic inquiry and provides a detailed reference for developing more inclusive and comprehensive Islamic Studies frameworks. The study recommends integrating spiritual and ethical courses into higher education curricula, advocating for a balanced approach that nurtures intellectual and moral development. This research contributes to advancing Islamic Studies in the subcontinent and offers insights for shaping educational frameworks that promote holistic academic and spiritual growth, with specific implications for universities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.