Evaluation of groundwater quality with microbiological and physicochemical parameters in Bartin, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the physicochemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples was investigated in rainy and dry periods. Forty samples were collected from 10 sampling points. TDS, EC, color, turbidity, NO3, SO4, PO4, Cl, total hardness, E. coli, and F. streptococci analyses were performed. Cl, TH, and NO3 were higher in the rainy period unlike TDS, EC, SO4, and PO4. Physicochemical parameters did not exceed the acceptable values reported for drinking waters in TS/WHO. However, groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking water in terms of microbiological parameters. Both bacteria were found in higher numbers in the dry period. However, E. coli was more abundant in the dry period in contrast to F. streptococci. According to the nitrate/Cl ratio and other analyses (correlation matrix and principal component analysis) groundwater quality was affected by many sources. The results of analytic and statistical analyzes showed that F. streptococci is mostly related to animal waste unlike E. coli. According to the EC/FS ratio, microbiological pollution in rural areas was affected by animal wastes in both periods. On the other hand, animal waste in the urban areas may be effective during the rainy period. PCA and correlation matrix also confirmed these results. According to PCA results, groundwater quality may be affected by geogenic sources, fecal sources, and use of fertilizer in the study area. According to WQI, 5% and 16% of the groundwater samples were not found suitable as drinking water in dry and rainy periods, respectively.