Modern trends in carbon nanostructured material-based electrochemical biosensing systems

Abstract

Neurotransmitters are important biological substances that regulate physiological and behavioral functions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Analyzing neurotransmitters in biological samples is thus of great pharmacological and biological importance. The researchers have established a variety of approaches for analyzing these materials thus far. Electrochemical sensing has been widely used for in vivo detection, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry emerging as the most promising technology to date due to benefits such as facile downsizing, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. Limited target selectivity, excessive background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time are the key problems for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors. Carbon nanoparticles are one of the most widely talked, studied, and used synthetic nanomaterials. These materials have a wide range of electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, which, when combined with their robust chemistry and simplicity of manipulation, make them appealing candidates for sensor applications. Many carbon nanomaterials have also been used as in vivo biosensors due to their biocompatibility. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon dots have all received a lot of attention as discrete molecular-like sensors or components that can be incorporated into devices. In this study, we look at recent advances in the use of carbon nanoparticles and nanostructures as sensors, as well as how they can be utilized to detect a variety of analytes. To make such sensor devices, a combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were used. As a result, the goal of the study is to achieve simultaneous detection of various neurotransmitters in real time while maintaining long-term stability. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.