Parental perspectives on table tennis as an inclusive physical activity for children with autism: a qualitative means-end chain analysis

Abstract

This study explored why parents prefer table tennis as a physical activity for their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using a qualitative approach based on means-end chain theory and the laddering technique. We collected data from 22 parents whose children with ASD were aged 12 to 16 years and were participating in structured physical activity programs in Ankara. Findings suggested that table tennis is favoured for some attributes such as accessibility, low-cost, and risk-free. Additionally, parents reported some consequences such as improvements in social interaction, motor skills, and regulation of stereotypic behaviours, and values such as happiness and motivation. The hierarchical value map illustrated pathways linking such as attributes (e.g. two-player) to consequences (e.g. motor skills) and values (e.g. happiness). These results highlighted the potential of table tennis in therapeutic and school-based physical education programs for children with ASD. However, in the study, numerous limitations included such as a small sample size and reliance on parental reports, which may not fully reflect children's experiences. Future research should examine long-term effects and incorporate direct observations. This study may contribute to the growing literature on inclusive physical activity, providing practical insights for educators, therapists, and policymakers to enhance ASD-friendly sports programs.